Baruch Spinoza was born in Amsterdam, Dutch Republic, on 24 November 1632. He was a Dutch philosopher. Spinoza was raised in a Portuguese community in Amsterdam. Jewish religious authorities issued a heven against him. His books were also later put on the Catholic Church’s Index of Forbidden Books. He died in the Hague, Dutch Republic, on 21 February 1677, aged 44.
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| Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) |
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| PRINCIPLES OF CARTESIAN PHILOSOPHY (1663) |
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| The Ethics (1677) |
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| POLITICAL TREATISE (1677) |